Sang Hoon Han
The oxindole skeleton has been recognized as a ubiquitous heterocycle found in bioactive natural products and synthetic compounds with medicinal applications. In particular, 3-substituted and spiro oxindole derivatives have been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities including serotonergic, anti-tumor, anti-Alzheimer’s, anti-Parkinson disease, glycoprotein-mediated MDR inhibition, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, oxindoles serve as synthetic precursors to a range of other heterocyclic compounds including indoles and isatins. Therefore, the development of novel and highly efficient strategies for the formation of oxindole architectures is an area of great interest in organic synthesis. With recent advances in direct and catalytic C–H functionalization, a great deal of effort has been devoted to the formation of oxindoles via transition-metal-catalyzed or metal-free oxidative C−H functionalization events. Among reported examples, the tandem cyclization of acrylamides has attracted much attention for the synthesis of various functionalized oxindoles. Other routes rely on the Ir- or Cu-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of β-keto amide derivatives. Moreover, the Ag- or Rh-catalyzed aromatic C−H functionalization of α-diazoamides is another effective way to construct C3-functionalized oxindoles.
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